Here’s a guide:
General
Indoor athletics
Outdoor athletics
Events
Rules
General
Track and field athletics, commonly known as athletics or track and field, is a collection of sports events that involve running, throwing and jumping.
There are two seasons for track and field. There is an indoor season, run during the winter and an outdoor season, run during the spring. Most indoor tracks are 200 metres and consist of four to 8 lanes. There are also some 150 metre indoor tracks, and others as small as 120 metres have been used. Some "oversize tracks" (larger than 200 metres) are popular for American collegiate athletics despite the fact that they are not considered valid for setting indoor records. Often an indoor track will have banked turns to compensate for the tight radius of the turns. The banking can help prevent injuries to the athlete, while also promoting higher speeds.
In an indoor track meet athletes contest the same track events as at an outdoor meet, with the exception of the 100 m and 110 m/100 m hurdles (replaced by the 55 or 60 m sprint and 55 or 60 m hurdles at most levels, or the 55 m sprint and hurdles at the high school level), the 10,000 m run, 3,000 m steeplechase, 400 m hurdles. Indoor meets also have the addition of a 3,000 m run normally at both the collegiate and elite level, instead of the 10,000 m. The 5,000 m is the longest event commonly run indoors, although there are situations where longer distances have been raced. In the mid 20th century, there was a series of "duel" races on Madison Square Garden's indoor track, some of which featured two men racing a marathon (42.2 km). However, this is an extremely rare occurrence, for obvious reasons. In some occasions, there may also be a 500 m race instead of the open 400 m normally found outdoors, and in many college championship races indoors both are contested.
In field events, indoor meets only feature the high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple jump, and shot put (weight throw). Due to space limitations, these events take place on the infield, within the circumferential track. The longer throws of javelin, hammer and discus are added only for outdoor meets, as there is normally not enough space in an indoor stadium to house these events.
Other events unique to indoor meets (especially in North America) are the 300 m, 600m, 1000 m, and 16 kg weight throw. In some countries, notably Norway, standing long jump and standing high jump are also contested, even in the National Championships.
For multi-event athletes there is the Pentathlon for women (consisting of 60 m hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump and 800 m) and heptathlon for men (consisting of 60 m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 60 m hurdles, pole vault and 1000 m) indoors.
The outdoor track and field season usually begins in the spring and lasts through the summer. Most tracks are ovals of 400 metres in circumference. Modern "tartan tracks" or more recently "mondo tracks" are made with a rubberized surface; older tracks were cinder-covered. Tracks normally consist of 6-10 lanes (up to 12 lanes on the 'front' straight) and many include a steeplechase lane with a water pit on one of the turns. This steeplechase pit can be placed either inside or outside the track, making for a tighter turn or a wider turn. It is common that tracks will surround a playing field used for American football, association football (soccer), or lacrosse. This inner field is usually known as the infield and has a surface of either grass or artificial turf.
All field events can be contested on the infield. However the javelin, hammer and discus throws are sometimes contested on fields outside of the track stadium because they take up a large amount of space, the implements may damage the infield, and the implements could end up landing on the track. However, some infields are used specifically for these events, and for the javelin, an athlete may have a longer run-up by starting it on the other side of the track, and crossing when there are no athletes passing.
Events
There are other variations besides the ones listed below, but races of unusual length (e.g. 300 m) are run much less often. The unusual races are typically held during indoor season because of the shorter 200 m indoor track. With the exception of the mile run, races based on imperial distances are rarely run on the track anymore since most tracks have been converted from a quarter mile (402.3 m) to 400 m; almost all record keeping for imperial distances has been discontinued.
Men and women do not compete against each other, although they may sometimes run in the same races due to time constraints at high school meets. Women generally run the same distances as men although hurdles and steeplechase barriers are lower and the weights of the shot, discus, javelin and hammer are less.
All Comers Track Meets
Track and Field is the most accessible sport for anybody to participate in. It only takes two people to have a race, or one can simply race a stopwatch. In events called All Comers Track Meets, anybody who wishes to participate is welcome. They are pretty low-key and are merely intended for gaining experience or just practicing for races. There is no exclusion because participants have no teams or even equipment. Most such meets are low cost or free. While races are usually seeded based on the entrant's expected level of ability, the most elite of athletes can and do use these meets as training grounds.
Running and racewalking events
Running events conducted on a track (generally 400 metres, except indoors):
• Sprints are events up to and including the 400 metres. Events commonly contested are:
- 50 metres (indoors only)
- 55 metres (indoors only)
- 60 metres (indoors only)
- 100 metres
- 200 metres
- 400 metres
• Middle Distance Events are events longer than sprints and up to 3000 metres. Events commonly contested are:
- 800 metres
- 1000 metres (uncommon)
- 1500 metres
- One mile
- 3000 metres
- 3000 metres steeplechase
• Long Distance Events are events over 3000 metres. Events commonly contested are:
- 5000 metres
- 10000 metres
• Hurdles events require the runner to run over evenly spaced barriers during the race. Events commonly contested are:
- 60 metres hurdles (indoors only)
- 100 metres hurdles (women)
- 110 metres hurdles (men)
- 400 metres hurdles
• Relay races are events in which four athletes participate as a team, passing a metal baton in between. Events commonly contested are:
- 4 x 100 metres relay
- 4 x 200 metres relay (high school & collegiate)
- 4 x 400 metres relay
- 4 x 800 metres relay
• Some events, such as medley relays, are rarely run except at large relay carnivals. Typical medley relays include:
- Sprint Medley Relay (SMR): the four legs are 400 metres, two 200 metre legs, 800 metres; or alternately 200 metres, two 100 metre legs, 400 metres
- Distance Medley Relay (DMR): the four legs are 1200 metres, 400 metres, 800 metres, 1600 metres
• Road Races are events conducted on open roads, sometimes finishing on a track. Events commonly contested are:
- 10 km
- 20 km
- Half marathon(21.0975 km)
- Marathon (42.195 km). The marathon is the only common road-racing distance run in major international athletics championships, such as the Olympics.
• Racewalking may be contested on either the track or on open roads. Events commonly contested are:
- 10 km
- 20 km
- 50 km
Field events
• Throwing events
- Discus Throw
- Hammer Throw
- Javelin Throw
- Shot Put
• Jumping events
- High Jump
- Pole Vault
- Long Jump
- Triple Jump
• The following events also take place, but are uncommon:
- Standing high jump
- Standing long jump
- Standing triple jump
• Multiple-event competitions: multiple event competitions include events from both the track (running) and field events.
- Pentathlon: the outdoor Pentathlon includes the following five events:
Long Jump
Javelin
200 metres
Discus
1500 metres
The outdoor Pentathlon was a national championship event in the United States until 1978. It is still contested in many places throughout the world, but rarely as a championship event. The Pentathon was also contested in several of the early Olympic Games, notably in the 1912 Olympics which was won by Jim Thorpe, who also won the Decathlon. The event was modeled after the original Greek Olympic Games, in which the Pentathlon was the foremost contest. It consisted of a Long Jump, Javelin, a statia run of approximately 180 metres, Discus, and Greco-Roman style wrestling.
- Pentathlon: the indoor Pentathlon includes the following five events:
High Hurdles (110 metres for men, 100 metres for women)
Shot Put
Long Jump
High Jump
Middle distance (1500 metres for men, 800 metres for women)
- Heptathlon: the Heptathlon includes the following seven events:
Outdoors (usually only women):
100 metre high hurdles
High Jump
Shot Put
200 metres
Long Jump
Javelin Throw
800 metres
Indoors (usually only men):
60 metres
Long Jump
Shot Put
High Jump
60 metres hurdles
Pole Vault
1000 metres
- Decathlon: the Decathlon includes the following ten events:
100 metres
Long Jump
Shot Put
High Jump
400 metres
110 metre high hurdles
Discus
Pole Vault
Javelin
1500 metres
Track events
The rules of track athletics or of track events in athletics as observed in most international athletics competitions are set by the Competition Rules of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The most recent complete set of rules is the 2009 rules that relate only to competitions in 2009. Key rules of track events are those regarding starting, running and finishing.
Starting
The start of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. In all races that are not run in lanes the start line must be curved, so that all the athletes start the same distance from the finish. Starting blocks must be used for all races up to and including 400 m (including the first leg of the 4 x 200 m and 4 x 400 m) and may not be used for any other race. No part of the starting block may overlap the start line or extend into another lane. All races must be started by the report of the starter's gun or approved starting apparatus fired upwards after he or she has ascertained that athletes are steady and in the correct starting position. An athlete may not touch either the start line or the ground in front of it with his hands or his feet when on his marks. At most international competitions the commands of the starter in his own language, in English or in French, shall, in races up to and including 400 m, be "On your marks" and "Set". When all athletes are "set", the gun must be fired, or an approved starting apparatus must be activated. However, if the starter is not satisfied that all is ready to proceed, the athletes may be called out of the blocks and the process started over.
False start: An athlete, after assuming a final set position, may not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun, or approved starting apparatus. If, in the judgment of the starter or recallers, he does so any earlier, it is considered a false start. It is deemed a false start if, in the judgment of the starter an athlete fails to comply with the commands "on your marks" or "set" as appropriate after a reasonable time; or an athlete after the command "on your marks" disturbs other athletes in the race through sound or otherwise. Any athlete making a false start must be warned.
Running the race
In all races run in lanes, each athlete must keep within his allocated lane from start to finish. This also applies to any portion of a race run in lanes. If an athlete leaves the track or steps on the line demarking the track, he/she should be disqualified. Also, any athlete who jostles or obstructs another athlete, in a way that impedes his progress, should be disqualified from that event. However, if an athlete is pushed or forced by another person to run outside his lane, and if no material advantage is gained, the athlete should not be disqualified.
The finish
The finish of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. The athletes must be placed in the order in which any part of their torso ( as distinguished from the head, neck, arms, legs, hands or feet) reaches the vertical plane of the nearer edge of the finish line.
Ties between different athletes are resolved as follows: In determining whether there has been a tie in any round for a qualifying position for the next round based on time, a judge (called the chief photo finish judge) must consider the actual time recorded by the athletes to 1/1000th of a second. If the judge decides that there has been a tie, the tying athletes must be placed in the next round or, if that is not practicable, lots must be drawn to determine who must be placed in the next round. In the case of a tie for first place in any final, the referee decides whether it is practicable to arrange for the athletes so tying to compete again. If he decides it is not, the result will stand. Ties in other placings remain.
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